Back pain is a common condition that affects millions of people, and it can be caused by a wide range of factors. One of the most common causes is muscle strain or ligament sprain, often resulting from improper lifting, poor posture, or overuse. Other major causes include herniated or bulging discs, spinal stenosis (narrowing of the spinal canal), degenerative disc disease, and arthritis, which can lead to inflammation and pain in the joints of the spine. In some cases, back pain may also result from nerve compression, such as sciatica, where the sciatic nerve is irritated, leading to pain that radiates down the leg. Chronic conditions, such as scoliosis or osteoporosis, can also contribute to long-term back pain. The complexity of back pain requires a thorough evaluation to determine the root cause, as treatment strategies will vary accordingly.